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A player performing the dragon mace's special attack, Shatter. The dragon mace has a special attack called Shatter, which increases the player's accuracy by 25% and the strength of the player's next hit by 50%, while rolling against the target's crush defence. This attack consumes 25% of.

1. Letter 1: 124 B.C. 1 The Jews in Jerusalem and in the land of Judea send greetings to their kindred, the Jews in Egypt, and wish them true peace! 2 May God do good to you and remember his covenant with his faithful servants, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, 3 give to all of you a heart to worship him and to do his will wholeheartedly and with a willing spirit, 4 open your heart to his law.
2. Bane is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.Created by Chuck Dixon, Doug Moench, and Graham Nolan, he made his debut in Batman: Vengeance of Bane #1 (January 1993). Bane is usually depicted as a dangerous adversary of the superhero Batman and belongs to the collective of enemies that make up the Batman rogues gallery.

Media Access Control security (MACsec) provides point-to-point security on Ethernetlinks. MACsec is defined by IEEE standard 802.1AE. You can use MACsec in combination withother security protocols, such as IP Security (IPsec) and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), to provideend-to-end network security.

MACsec is capable of identifying and preventing most security threats, including denialof service, intrusion, man-in-the-middle, masquerading, passive wiretapping, and playbackattacks. MACsec secures an Ethernet link for almost all traffic, including frames from theLink Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP), Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP), Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol (DHCP), Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), and other protocols thatare not typically secured on an Ethernet link because of limitations with other security solutions.

How MACsec Works

When MACsec is enabled on a point-to-point Ethernet link, the link is secured aftermatching security keys are exchanged and verified between the interfaces at each end of thelink. The key can be configured manually, or can be generated dynamically, depending on thesecurity mode used to enable MACsec. For more information on MACsec security modes, see MACsec Security Modes.

MACsec uses a combination of data integrity checks and encryption to secure traffictraversing the link:

When MACsec is enabled on a logical interface, VLAN tags are not encrypted. All theVLAN tags configured on the logical interface enabled for MACsec are sent in clear text.

Connectivity Associations

MACsec is configured in connectivity associations. A connectivity association is a setof MACsec attributes that are used by interfaces to create two secure channels, one for inboundtraffic and one for outbound traffic. The secure channels are responsible for transmittingand receiving data on the MACsec-secured link.

The connectivity association must be assigned to a MACsec-capable interface on eachside of the point-to-point Ethernet link. If you want to enable MACsec on multiple Ethernetlinks, you must configure MACsec individually on each link. Other user-configurable parameters,such as MAC address or port, must also match on the interfaces on each side of the link toenable MACsec.

MACsec Security Modes

MACsec can be enabled using one of the following security modes:

• Static connectivity association key (CAK) mode

• Static secure association key (SAK) mode

• Dynamic secure association key (SAK) mode

Static CAK mode is recommended for switch-to-switch, or router-to-router, links. StaticCAK mode ensures security by frequently refreshing to a new random security key and by sharingonly the security key between the two devices on the MACsec-secured point-to-point link. Additionally,some optional MACsec features—replay protection, SCI tagging, and the ability to excludetraffic from MACsec—are available only when you enable MACsec using static CAK securitymode.

Static CAK Mode (Recommended for Switch-to-Switch Links)

When you enable MACsec using static CAK security mode, two security keys—a connectivityassociation key (CAK) that secures control plane traffic and a randomly-generated secure associationkey (SAK) that secures data plane traffic—are used to secure the link. Both keys areregularly exchanged between both devices on each end of the point-to-point Ethernet link toensure link security.

You initially establish a MACsec-secured link using a pre-shared key when you are usingstatic CAK security mode to enable MACsec. A pre-shared key includes a connectivity associationname (CKN) and its own connectivity association key (CAK). The CKN and CAK are configuredby the user in the connectivity association and must match on both ends of the link to initiallyenable MACsec.

Once matching pre-shared keys are successfully exchanged, the MACsec Key Agreement (MKA)protocol is enabled. The MKA protocol is responsible for maintaining MACsec on the link, anddecides which switch on the point-to-point link becomes the key server. The key server thencreates an SAK that is shared with the switch at the other end of the point-to-point linkonly, and that SAK is used to secure all data traffic traversing the link. The key serverwill continue to periodically create and share a randomly-created SAK over the point-to-pointlink for as long as MACsec is enabled.

If the MACsec session is terminated due to a link failure, when the link is restored,the MKA key server elects a key server and generates a new SAK.

Static CAK mode is recommended for switch-to-switch, or router-to-router, links. StaticCAK mode ensures security by frequently refreshing to a new random security key and by sharingonly the security key between the two devices on the MACsec-secured point-to-point link. Additionally,some optional MACsec features—replay protection, SCI tagging, and the ability to excludetraffic from MACsec—are available only when you enable MACsec using static CAK securitymode.

Static CAK Mode (Recommended for Switch-to-Switch Links)

When you enable MACsec using static CAK security mode, two security keys—a connectivityassociation key (CAK) that secures control plane traffic and a randomly-generated secure associationkey (SAK) that secures data plane traffic—are used to secure the link. Both keys areregularly exchanged between both devices on each end of the point-to-point Ethernet link toensure link security.

You initially establish a MACsec-secured link using a pre-shared key when you are usingstatic CAK security mode to enable MACsec. A pre-shared key includes a connectivity associationname (CKN) and its own connectivity association key (CAK). The CKN and CAK are configuredby the user in the connectivity association and must match on both ends of the link to initiallyenable MACsec.

Once matching pre-shared keys are successfully exchanged, the MACsec Key Agreement (MKA)protocol is enabled. The MKA protocol is responsible for maintaining MACsec on the link, anddecides which switch on the point-to-point link becomes the key server. The key server thencreates an SAK that is shared with the switch at the other end of the point-to-point linkonly, and that SAK is used to secure all data traffic traversing the link. The key serverwill continue to periodically create and share a randomly-created SAK over the point-to-pointlink for as long as MACsec is enabled.

If the MACsec session is terminated due to a link failure, when the link is restored,the MKA key server elects a key server and generates a new SAK.

To enable MACsec in static CAK mode, you have to configure a connectivity associationon both ends of the link. The secure channels are automatically created. These secure channelsdo not have any user-configurable parameters; all configuration is done within the connectivityassociation but outside of the secure channel.

The switches on each end of a MACsec-secured switch-to-switch link must either bothbe using Junos OS Release 14.1X53-D10 or later, or must both be using an earlier version ofJunos, in order to establish a MACsec-secured connection when using static CAK security mode.

Static SAK Security Mode

Static SAK security mode can be used to secure switch-to-switch links. Use this modeonly is you have a compelling reason to use it instead of static CAK mode, which is the recommendedmode for switch-to-switch links.

In static SAK security mode, one of up to two manually configured SAKs is used to securedata traffic on the point-to-point Ethernet link. All SAK names and values are configuredby the user; there is no key server or other tool that creates SAKs. Security is maintainedon the point-to-point Ethernet link by periodically rotating between the two security keys.Each security key name and value must have a corresponding matching value on the interfaceat the other end of the point-to-point Ethernet link to maintain MACsec on the link.

To enable MACsec in static SAK mode, you must configure a connectivity association,and configure the secure channels within that connectivity association. A typical connectivityassociation for static SAK mode contains two secure channels that have each been configuredwith two manually-configured SAKs.

Dynamic SAK Security Mode

Use dynamic SAK security mode to enable MACsec on a switch-to-host link. The endpointdevice must support MACsec and must be running software that allows it to enable a MACsec-securedconnection.

When configuring MACsec on a switch-to-host link, the MACsec Key Agreement (MKA) keys,which are included as part of 802.1X authentication, are retrieved from a RADIUS server aspart of the AAA handshake. A master key is passed from the RADIUS server to the switch andfrom the RADIUS server to the host in independent authentication transactions. The masterkey is then passed between the switch and the host to create a MACsec-secured connection.

A secure association using dynamic secure association security mode must be configuredon the switch's Ethernet interface that connects to the host in order for the switchto create a MACsec-secured connection after receiving the MKA keys from the RADIUS server.

The RADIUS server must be using Extensible Authentication Protocol-Transport Layer Security(EAP-TLS) in order to support MACsec. The RADIUS servers that support other widely-used authenticationframeworks, such as password-only or md5, cannot be used to support MACsec. In order to enableMACsec on a switch to secure a connection to a host, you must be using 802.1X authenticationon the RADIUS server. MACsec must be configured into dynamic mode.

To enable MACsec in dynamic SAK mode, you have to configure a connectivity associationon both ends of the link. The secure channels are automatically created. These secure channelsdo not have any user-configurable parameters; all configuration is done within the connectivityassociation but outside of the secure channel.

MACsec Software Image Requirements for EX Series and QFX Series Switches

Junos OS Release 16.1 and Later

For Junos OS Release 16.1 and later, you must download the standard Junos image to enableMACsec. MACsec is not supported in the limited image. See the MACsec Hardware and Software Support Summary to determine the correct release for your device.

The standard version of Junos OS software contains encryption and is, therefore, notavailable to customers in all geographies. The export and re-export of this Junos OS softwareis strictly controlled under United States export laws. The export, import, and use of thisJunos OS software is also subject to controls imposed under the laws of other countries. If you have questions about acquiring this version of your Junos OS software, contact JuniperNetworks Trade Compliance group at compliance_helpdesk@juniper.net.

Junos OS Releases Prior to 16.1

For releases prior to Junos OS Release 16.1, you must download the controlled versionof your Junos OS software to enable MACsec. MACsec support is not available in the domesticversion of Junos OS software in releases prior to Junos OS Release 16.1. See the MACsec Hardware and Software Support Summary to determine the correct release for your device.

The controlled version of Junos OS software includes all features and functionalityavailable in the domestic version of Junos OS, while also supporting MACsec. The domesticversion of Junos OS software is shipped on all switches that support MACsec, so you must downloadand install a controlled version of Junos OS software for your switch before you can enableMACsec.

The controlled version of Junos OS software contains encryption and is, therefore, notavailable to customers in all geographies. The export and re-export of the controlled versionof Junos OS software is strictly controlled under United States export laws. The export, import,and use of the controlled version of Junos OS software is also subject to controls imposedunder the laws of other countries. If you have questions about acquiring the controlled versionof your Junos OS software, contact Juniper Networks Trade Compliance group at compliance_helpdesk@juniper.net.

MACsec Support on MX, ACX, and PTX Series Routers

Table 1 lists the devices which support MACsec.

Table 1: MACsec on MX, PTX, ACX, and NFX Series Devices

ACX6360 and ACX5448-M routers support MACsec with AES-256 encryption.

MACsec can be configured on supported MX Series routers that are members of a VirtualChassis. Encryption and decryption are implemented in the hardware in line-rate mode. An additionaloverhead of 24 through 32 bytes is required for MACsec if Secure Channel Identifier (SCI)tag is included.

For more information regarding MACsec, refer the following IEEE specifications:

• IEEE 802.1AE-2006. Media Access Control (MAC) Security

• IEEE 802.1X-2010. Port-Based Network Access Control. Defines MACSec Key AgreementProtocol

MACsec Software Requirements for MX Series Routers

Following are some of the key software requirements for MACsec on MX Series Routers:

A feature license is not required to configure MACsec on MX Series routers with theenhanced 20-port Gigabit Ethernet MIC (model number MIC-3D-20GE-SFP-E).

MACsec is supported on MX Series routers with MACsec-capable interfaces.

MACsec supports 128 and 256-bit cipher-suite withand without extended packet numbering (XPN).

MACsec supports MACsec Key Agreement (MKA) protocol with Static-CAK mode using presharedkeys.

MACsec supports a single connectivity-association (CA) per physical port or physicalinterface.

Starting with Junos OS Release 15.1, MACsec issupported on member links of an aggregated Ethernet (

Switch

MACsec-capable Interfaces

Switch-to-Switch Support Introduction

Switch-to-Host Support Introduction

Encryption

EX3400

10GbE fiber interfaces and 1GbE copper interfaces.

15.1X53-D50

15.1X53-D50

AES-128

Note: MACsec is not available on the limited Junos OS image package.

EX4200

All uplink port connections on the SFP+ MACsec uplink module.

13.2X50-D15

14.1X53-D10

AES-128

EX4300

All access and uplink ports.

Both QSFP+ interfaces on the EX-UM-2QSFP-MR uplink module for EX4300-48MP switches.

13.2X50-D15

14.1X53-D10

AES-128

AES-256 (EX4300-48MP only)

EX4550

All EX4550 optical interfaces that use the LC connection type.See Pluggable Transceivers Supported on EX4550 Switches.

13.2X50-D15

14.1X53-D10

AES-128

EX4600

All twenty-four fixed 1GbE SFP/10GbE SFP+ interfaces and all interfaces that supportthe copper Gigabit Interface Converter (GBIC).

All eight SFP+ interfaces on the EX4600-EM-8F expansion module.

14.1X53-D15

Note: MACsec is not supported on EX4600 in Junos OS Release 15.1.

Not supported

AES-128

EX9200

All forty SFP interfaces on the EX9200-40F-M line card.

All twenty SFP interfaces on the EX9200-20F-MIC installed in an EX9200-MPC line card.

Note: You can install up to two EX9200-20F-MIC MICs in an EX9200-MPC line card for a maximumof forty MACsec-capable interfaces.

All forty SFP+ interfaces on the EX9200-40XS.

15.1R1

15.1R1

AES-128

Note: Starting in Junos OS Release 18.2R1, AES-256is supported on the EX9200-40XS line card.

QFX5100

All eight SFP+ interfaces on the EX4600-EM-8F expansion module installed in a QFX5100-24Qswitch.

14.1X53-D15

Note: MACsec is not supported on QFX5100-24Q switches in Junos OS Release 15.1.

Not supported

AES-128

QFX10008 and QFX10016

All six interfaces on the QFX10000-6C-DWDM line card.

17.2R1

Note: Static CAK mode only.

Not supported

AES-128 and AES-256

Note: When enabling MACsec on the QFX10000-6C-DWDM line card, we recommend using a ciphersuite with extended packet numbering (XPN). Supported XPN cipher suites are GCM-AES-XPN-128and GCM-AES-XPN-256.

All 30 interfaces on the QFX10000-30C-M line card.

17.4R1

Note: Static CAK mode only.

Not supported

AES-128 and AES-256

Note: When enabling MACsec on the QFX10000-30C-M line card, we recommend using a cipher suitewith extended packet numbering (XPN). Supported XPN cipher suites are GCM-AES-XPN-128 andGCM-AES-XPN-256.

Understanding MACsec in a Virtual Chassis

MACsec can be configured on supported switch interfaces when those switches are configuredin a Virtual Chassis or Virtual Chassis Fabric (VCF), includingwhen MACsec-supported interfaces are on member switches in a mixed Virtual Chassis or VCFthat includes switch interfaces that do not support MACsec. MACsec, however, cannot be enabledon Virtual Chassis ports (VCPs) to secure traffic travelling between member switches in aVirtual Chassis or VCF.

Understanding the MACsec Feature License Requirement

A feature license is required to configure MACsec on EX Series and QFX series switches,with the exception of the QFX10000-6C-DWDM and QFX10000-30C-M line cards. If the MACsec licenceis not installed, MACsec functionality cannot be activated.

To purchase a feature license for MACsec, contact your Juniper Networks sales representative(https://www.juniper.net/us/en/contact-us/sales-offices). The Juniper sales representative will provide you with a feature license fileand a license key. You will be asked to supply the chassis serial number of your switch; youcan obtain the serial number by running the no- auto-negotiation on PHY84756 1G SFP ports before configuring MACsec on those ports.

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